Conditions on X0 Movement
Y. Li, 1990
X0-movement is subject not only to the Empty Category Principle (ECP), as is widely accepted now, but also to Binding Condition C (BCC) and the Subjacency Condition (SC). Theoretically, this proposal is preferred because behaviorally X0-movement is brought even closer to XP-movement, which is also constrained by all these principles. Empirically, we are now allowed not only to explain certain data which are not explained in a theory based solely on the ECP, but also to provide a unified analysis to verb-incorporation (VI), clitic-climbing (CC), and predicate-clefting (PC).
Theoretical background is laid out in Chapter 1, in which the notion of variables is modified to cover X0-traces resulting from moving a lexical head to a functional head. This in turn enables such an X0-trace to fall into the domain of BCC. In Chapter 2, it is shown that the fact that crosslinguistically only a small number of verbs can ever trigger VI poses a problem if X0-movement is constrained only by the ECP, but can be readily accounted for by BCC plus the modified definition of variables. The environments in which CC takes place are also highly limited but constitute a superset of those for VI. Chapter 3 argues that the similar requirements of the two phenomena on theirr structural environments is the result of BCC, while the difference derives from the possibility of applying the SC and intermediate trace deletion in the derivation of CC but not in VI. An even looser restriciton on the environments is observed for PC, studied in Chapter 4. Again BCC and SC play crucial rules in determining when PC is possible, with the looser constraint attributed to the presence of a resumptive verb filling the D-structure position of the clefted one.
Thesis Supervisor:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Kenneth Hale
Title:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Modern Languages and Linguistics
Table of Contents
Chapter 1        Introduction                                                                                         1
           1.1      Universal grammar                                                                               2
                       1.1.1   X�-theory                                                                                3
                       1.1.2   Theta-theory                                                                            4
                       1.1.3   Government theory                                                                  4
                       1.1.4   Bounding theory                                                                      9
                       1.1.5   Binding theory                                                             10
                       1.1.6   Case theory                                                                             14
                       1.1.7   Control theory                                                                         18
           1.2      Organization of the thesis                                                                     20
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Chapter 2        Incorporation                                                                                       22
           2.1      Solutions to problems                                                                          24
                       2.1.1   Apparent solutions which don�t work                                       24
                       2.1.2   CP complement vs. VP complement                                        27
                       2.1.3   Analysis outlined                                                                      31
           2.2      Applications                                                                                        33
                       2.2.1   Two types of causativization                                                     33
                       2.2.2   Passivization                                                                           51
                       2.2.3   Negation                                                                                 59
                       2.2.4   Other VI triggering verbs � modal-like verbs                            62
                       2.2.5   Other VI triggering verbs � bridge verbs in Eskimo                   66
                       2.2.6   V-de construction in Chinese                                                   71
                       2.2.7   VI in the lexicon                                                                       74
           2.3      Perception verbs                                                                                 76
Chapter 3        Clitic-climbing                                                                          78
           3.1      Intermediate trace deletion in head-movement                          82
           3.2      Causatives in French and Italian                                                           87
                       3.2.1   Two types of faire-VP constructions                                       88
                       3.2.2   FI constructions                                                                       90
                       3.2.3   FP constructions                                                                      98
           3.3      Restructuring constructions                                                                   102
                       3.3.1   Structure of restructuring constructions                         102
                       3.3.2   Infinitive INFL                                                             109
                       3.3.3   Raising vs. control                                                                    116
           3.4      Exceptional case marking and negation                                     124
                       3.4.1   ECM                                                                                       124
                       3.4.2   Negation                                                                                 135
           3.5      Other clitics: en and y                                                                          141
Chapter 4        Predicate-cleftin                                                                                   145
           4.1      Data                                                                                                    146
                       4.1.1   Predicate-clefting as V-movement                                            147
                       4.1.2   Predicate-clefting vs. clitic-climbing                                          151
           4.2      Koopman�s (1984) analysis of predicate-clefting in Vata                      155
           4.3      Predicate-clefting reanalyzed                                                                162
                       4.3.1   Infinitives                                                                                 162
                       4.3.2   Wh-island                                                                                172
                       4.3.3   Non-bridge verbs                                                                    176
                       4.3.4   Bridge verbs                                                                            180
                       4.3.5   Clitic-climbing                                                              191