Scrambling in Korean: Crossover, Reconstruction, and Binding Theory
, J.-H. Cho 1994
Abstract
Within the framework of minimalist program proposed by Chomsky (1992), this thesis explores scrambling in Korean with respect to crossover, reconstruction effects and binding phenomena and characterizes properties of movement types, their target positions and traces (or copies).
Chapter 2 examines syntactic properties of scrambling with respect to crossover phenomena, which cannot be well accounted for by the traditional A/A distinction. We show that scrambling is distinguished from other operator movements, such as Wh-movement and QR, and provide evidence for the existence of a non-operator A-position (a broadly L-related position in Chomskys term) as the landing site of scrambling. We suggest that scrambling in Korean, as non-operator A-movement, leaves behind not a variable, but a null epithet. We therefore demonstrate that the lack of WCO effects in scrambling constructions is due to a null epithet, which is not subject to WCO effects.
In Chapter 3, we argue that scrambling involves three different types of syntactic operations, i.e., a TopP-adjunction operation, an IP-adjunction operation and a substitution operation to SPEC (AGRo). We show that scrambling across a subject, as non-operator A-movement, creates a null epithet immune to WCO effects, and an anaphor can take as its antecedent the element in non-operator position. Observing that scrambling across a topic yields WCO effects and does not create a new anaphor binding possibility, we claim that scrambling across a topic, as movement to an operator position, leaves behind a variable subject to WCO effects, and the element in operator position cannot serve as an antecedent for an anaphor. We then deal with short scrambling and attribute the lack of reconstruction effects to the A-movement property of short scrambling.
In Chapter 4, we maintain that the copy of A-movement remains whereas that of A-movement deletes at LF and that Binding conditions, as conditions involving interpretation, apply at the LF interface level. We show that scrambled direct objects in Korean are preposed to SPEC (AGRo) and then to the sentence-initial position. Finally, we demonstrate that in Korean, what raises to SPEC (AGRo) for Case-checking at LF is not a direct object in-situ but its accusative Case feature.
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
SCRAMBLING AS NON-OPERATOR A-MOVEMENT: VARIABLE VS. NULL EPITHET 8
2.1. Introduction 8
2.2. Weak Crossover in Korean 11
2.2.1. Pronoun as a Bound Variable and Weak Crossover 11
2.2.2. Weak Crossover in Korean: Wh-Movement and Quantifier Raising 13
2.3. Scrambling and Crossover 16
2.3.1. Clause Internal Scrambling and Weak Crossover 16
2.3.2. Long Distance Scrambling and Weak Crossover 21
2.3.2.1. Long Distance Scrambling and Weak Crossover in Hindi 21
2.3.2.2. Locality Conditions on A-Chains 23
2.3.2.2.1. Condition on A-Chain (Chomsky 1986b) 23
2.3.2.2.2. Extended Uniformity Condition (Lasnik and Saito 1992) 24
2.3.2.3. Long Distance Scrambling and Weak Crossover in Korean 26
2.3.3. Scrambling and Strong Crossover 29
2.3.3.1. Copy Theory of Movement: A – vs. A – Movement 29
2.3.3.2. SCO: Scrambling vs. Passive and Raising 33
2.4. Scrambling and Non-Operator A-Movement 36
2.4.1. Scrambling: Movement to Non-Operator Position 37
2.4.1.1. Webelhuth (1989) 37
2.4.1.2. Saito (1989) 38
2.4.2 Operator Movement vs. Non-Operator A-Movement 41
2.5. Lasnik and Stowells (1991) Null Epithet and Scrambling 45
2.5.1. Null Epithets in English Tough, PG and Topicalization Constructions 45
2.5.2. Scrambling as A-Movement creates a Null Epithet 48
2.5.2.1. Scrambling and QR 48
2.5.2.2. Scrambling and English Topicalization 50
2.5.2.3. Our definition of Operator Movement and Non-Operator A-Movement 52
2.5.3. Variable vs. Null Epithet 54
2.6 Consequences and Implications 58
2.6.1. Null Epithet and Binding Principle C 58
2.6.2. Parasitic Gap or Empty Pronoun? 60
2.6.3. LF-Reconstruction of Scrambling and Weak Crossover 65
2.6.4. Null Epithet in Relative and Tough Constructions in Korean 70
2.6.4.1. Null Epithet in Relative Constructions 70
2.6.4.1.1. Null Epithet and WCO 70
2.6.4.1.2. Null Epithet and SCO 75
2.6.4.2. Null Epithet in Tough Constructions 76
2.7. Concluding Remarks 82
THREE TYPES OF SCRAMBLING 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2. Scrambling Across a Subject 84
3.2.1. Reconstruction Effect 84
3.2.1.1. Binding Principle C 84
3.2.1.2. Binding Principle A 89
3.2.1.2.1. Anaphoric Reconstruction Effects in English Raising Constructions 93
3.2.1.2.2. Passive and Raising as NP-Movement in Korean 94
3.2.1.2.2.1. Numeral Quantifier 94
3.2.1.2.2.2. Scope Ambiguity 96
3.2.2. Weak Crossover (WCO) 98
3.2.3. Anaphor Binding 100
3.3. Scrambling across a Topic 105
3.3.1. Topic Constructions 106
3.3.1.1. Base-Generated Topic 106
3.3.1.2. Topic Reading vs. Contrastive Reading 108
3.3.1.3. PP-Top is Contrastive 109
3.3.2. Scrambling across a Topic is Operator Movement 113
3.3.2.1. Reconstruction Effect 114
3.3.2.2. Weak Crossover (WCO) 117
3.3.2.3. Anaphor Binding 118
3.3.2.4. Where is a Topic Base-generated? 119
3.3.2.4.1. IP-adjoined Position 119
3.3.2.4.2. SPEC of CP 120
3.3.2.4.3. Spec of TopP 121
3.3.2.5. WCO and Anaphor Binding Revisited 126
3.3.2.5.1. Scrambling across a Topic and WCO 127
3.3.2.5.2. Scrambling across Contrastive nun/un and WCO 128
3.3.2.5.3. Scrambling across a PP-Top and WCO 133
3.3.2.5.4. Scrambling across a Topic and Anaphor Binding 135
3.3.2.5.5. Scrambling across Contrastive nun/un and Anaphor Binding 138
3.3.2.5.6. Scrambling across PP-Top and Anaphor Binding 140
3.3.2.6. Anaphor Binding by Topic 141
3.4 Short Scrambling 144
3.4.1. Short Scrambling is A-Movement 144
3.4.2. Long Distance Scrambling to VP-adjoined Position 149
3.5. Concluding Remarks 153
DERIVATION AND RECONSTRUCTION: THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERMEDIATE A-POSITION 155
4.1. Introduction 155
4.2. Scrambling and Binding Principle 156
4.2.1. Scrambling and R-expression 156
4.2.2. Scrambling and Anaphor 159
4.2.3. Scrambling and Pronoun 162
4.2.4. Short Scrambling across an Adjunct 164
4.3. Reconstruction Effects and Intermediate A-Position 166
4.3.1. Movement to SPEC of AGRo 166
4.3.1.1. Overt Object Shift in French and English (Branigan 1992) 166
4.3.1.2. Case Checking and Economy of Derivation (Nemoto 1993) 169
4.3.1.3. The Superiority Condition, AGRo and Economy of Derivation
(Boskovic 1993a) 172
4.3.2. Reconstruction Effects and Copy Theory of Movement 176
4.3.2.1. Scrambling and R-expression 176
4.3.2.2. Scrambling and Anaphor 180
4.3.2.3. Scrambling and Pronoun 183
4.4. Scrambling across a Topic and AGRoP 185
4.4.1. Weak Crossover 186
4.4.2. Anaphor Binding 190
4.5. Object Position 194
4.5.1. Scrambling of Adjunct 194
4.5.2. Scrambling of Dative NP 196
4.5.2.1. Binding Principle C 196
4.5.2.2. Binding Principle A 199
4.5.3. AGRioP 201
4.5.4. Case Checking: Case Feature Movement 207
4.5.4.1. Antecedent Containment Deletion (Lasnik 1993b and Takahashi 1993) 207
4.5.4.2. Speculation on Accusative Case Checking 211
4.5.4.2.1. Accusative Case Checking in Korean 211
4.5.4.2.2. Lasnik and Saitos (1991) Facts 216
4.5. Concluding Remarks 219
Bibliography 221